This study investigates the performance of PVDF hollow fiber membrane bioreactors for treating untreated wastewater. A range of variables, including hydraulic retention time and operating conditions, were varied to optimize system performance. The results demonstrated that PVDF hollow fiber membrane bioreactors offer a promising solution for wastew

Nanobubbles, intriguing formations with unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant focus in recent decades. These microscopic bubbles of gas entrapped within a liquid exhibit remarkable stability and affect various processes in diverse domains. Generating and characterizing nanobubbles remains a demanding endeavor, requiring sophi