This study investigates the performance of PVDF hollow fiber membrane bioreactors for treating untreated wastewater. A range of variables, including hydraulic retention time and operating conditions, were varied to optimize system performance. The results demonstrated that PVDF hollow fiber membrane

Nanobubbles, intriguing formations with unique physicochemical properties, have garnered significant focus in recent decades. These microscopic bubbles of gas entrapped within a liquid exhibit remarkable stability and affect various processes in diverse domains. Generating and characterizing nanobub